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Ritual act of placing a dead person into the footing

Burial, also known as interment or inhumation, is a method of concluding disposition whereby a dead trunk is placed into the ground, sometimes with objects. This is unremarkably accomplished by excavating a pit or trench, placing the deceased and objects in information technology, and covering it over. A funeral is a ceremony that accompanies the terminal disposition. Humans take been burying their dead since shortly after the origin of the species^{[ citation needed ]}. Burial is often seen as indicating respect for the dead. It has been used to forbid the odor of decay, to give family members closure and prevent them from witnessing the decomposition of their loved ones, and in many cultures it has been seen as a necessary step for the deceased to enter the afterlife or to give back to the cycle of life.

Methods of burial may be heavily ritualized and tin can include natural burial (sometimes called "light-green burying"); embalming or mummification; and the use of containers for the dead, such equally shrouds, coffins, grave liners, and burial vaults, all of which can retard decomposition of the body. Sometimes objects or grave goods are cached with the torso, which may be dressed in fancy or ceremonial garb. Depending on the culture, the style the body is positioned may accept great significance.

The location of the burial may be adamant by taking into account concerns surrounding health and sanitation, religious concerns, and cultural practices. Some cultures go along the dead close to provide guidance to the living, while others "banish" them past locating burial grounds at a distance from inhabited areas. Some religions consecrate special ground to bury the dead, and some families build private family cemeteries. Most modern cultures document the location of graves with headstones, which may exist inscribed with information and tributes to the deceased. Still, some people are buried in anonymous or secret graves for various reasons. Sometimes multiple bodies are buried in a single grave either by choice (as in the case of married couples), due to space concerns, or in the case of mass graves every bit a style to bargain with many bodies at once.

Alternatives to burial include cremation (and subsequent interment), burying at sea and cryopreservation. Some human cultures may bury the remains of beloved animals. Humans are non the but species to bury their expressionless; the practice has been observed in chimpanzees, elephants, and perhaps dogs.

History [edit]

Intentional burying, peculiarly with grave goods, may exist one of the primeval detectable forms of religious practise since, every bit Philip Lieberman suggests, it may signify a "concern for the dead that transcends daily life."^[1] Evidence suggests that the Neanderthals were the get-go human species to practise burial behavior and intentionally bury their dead, doing so in shallow graves along with rock tools and animal basic.^{[2] [iii]} Exemplary sites include Shanidar in Republic of iraq, Kebara Cavern in Israel and Krapina in Croatia. Some scholars, however, argue that these bodies may have been tending of for secular reasons.^[4]

Though there is ongoing debate regarding the reliability of the dating method, some scholars believe the primeval homo burial dates back 100,000 years. Human skeletal remains stained with red ochre were discovered in the Skhul cavern at Qafzeh, Israel. A diverseness of grave goods were present at the site, including the mandible of a wild boar in the arms of one of the skeletons.^[v]

In ancient Egypt, customs developed during the Predynastic menses. Round graves with one pot were used in the Badarian Menstruation (4400-3800 B.C.Eastward.), standing the tradition of Omari and Maadi cultures.^[6]

Prehistoric cemeteries are referred to by the more neutral term grave field. They are 1 of the chief sources of information on prehistoric cultures, and numerous archaeological cultures are defined by their burying customs, such as the Urnfield culture of the European Statuary Age.

During the Early Heart Ages, the reopening of graves and manipulation of the corpses or artifacts contained within them was a widespread phenomenon and a common function of the life course of early medieval cemeteries across Western and Central Europe.^[7] The reopening of furnished or recent burials occurred over the broad zone of European row-grave-style furnished inhumation burial, especially from the fifth to the 8th centuries CE, which comprised the regions of Romania, Hungary, Czechia, Slovakia, Switzerland, Republic of austria, Frg, the Low Countries, France, and South-eastern England.^[vii]

Reasons for human burial [edit]

After expiry, a body will disuse. Burying is not necessarily a public health requirement. Contrary to conventional wisdom, the WHO advises that just corpses conveying an infectious disease strictly require burial.^{[eight] [ix]}

Homo burial practices are the manifestation of the human desire to demonstrate "respect for the dead". Cultures vary in their mode of respect.

Some reasons follow:

• Respect for the concrete remains. If left lying on top of the ground, scavengers may eat the corpse, considered disrespectful to the deceased in many (but not all) cultures. In Tibet, sky burials deliberately encourage scavenging of homo remains in the interest of returning them to nature, just every bit within Zoroastrianism, where burial and cremation were often seen every bit impure (as homo remains are polluted, while the world and burn are sacred).
• Burying can be seen as an attempt to bring closure to the deceased's family and friends. Psychologists in some Western Judeo-Christian quarters, as well every bit the US funeral industry, claim that by interring a body away from patently view the pain of losing a loved one tin be lessened.
• Many cultures believe in an afterlife. Burial is sometimes believed to be a necessary pace for an individual to attain the afterlife.
• Many religions prescribe a particular mode to alive, which includes community relating to disposal of the expressionless.
• A decomposing torso releases unpleasant gases related to decomposition. Every bit such, burial is seen as a means of preventing smells from expanding into open air.

Burying methods [edit]

In many cultures, human corpses were unremarkably cached in soil. The roots of burial as a practice reach back into the Middle Palaeolithic and coincide with the appearance of Homo neanderthalensis and Homo sapiens, in Europe and Africa respectively. As a issue, burying grounds are institute throughout the globe. Through time, mounds of earth, temples, and caverns were used to store the dead bodies of ancestors. In modern times, the custom of burying expressionless people beneath ground, with a stone marker to indicate the burial place, is used in most cultures; although other means such as cremation are condign more pop in the West (cremation is the norm in Bharat and mandatory in big metropolitan areas of Japan^[ten]).

Some burial practices are heavily ritualized; others are simply practical.

Burying depth [edit]

It is a common misconception that graves must be dug to a depth of half dozen anxiety (one.viii metres). This is reflected in the common euphemism for death of 6 feet under.^[11] In fact, graves are rarely dug to this depth except when it is intended to later on bury a farther coffin or coffins on top of the first one. In such cases, more than six feet may be dug, to provide the required depth of soil above the pinnacle coffin.^[12]

In the Usa, there is no nationwide regulation of burial depth. Each local say-so is free to determine its own rules. Requirements for depth tin can vary according to soil type and past method of burying. California, for instance, requires only 19 inches of soil above the top of the coffin, only more ordinarily xxx to 36 inches are required in other places.^[12] In some areas, such as central Appalachia, graves were indeed once dug to a depth of half dozen anxiety to forestall the body being disturbed by burrowing animals. Still, this was unnecessary once metal caskets and concrete vaults started to be used.^[11]

In the United kingdom, soil is required to be to a depth of three anxiety above the highest point of the bury, unless the burial authority consider the soil to be suitable for a depth of only 2 feet.^[xiii]

The earliest known reference to a requirement for a half-dozen-pes burial occurred in 1665 during the Great Plague of London. John Lawrence, the Lord Mayor of London,^[fourteen] ordered that the bodies of plague victims "...shall be at least six human foot deep." The metropolis officials apparently believed this would inhibit the spread of the affliction, not realising that the true vector was fleas living on rats in the streets. In the event, there were so many victims that very few were buried in individual graves. Most were placed in massive plague pits so information technology is unlikely that this outcome alone gave rise to the "six feet" tradition.^{[12] [15]}

Natural burial [edit]

Natural burial—as well called "green burial"^[16]—is the process by which a trunk is returned to the world to decompose naturally in soil, and in some cases fifty-fifty protect native and endangered wildlife.^[17] Natural burial became popularized in the United Kingdom in the early 1990s by Ken West, a professional cremator operator for the urban center of Carlisle, responding to the U.K's phone call for changes in government that aligned with the Un' Environmental Programme Local Agenda 21. In addition, there are multiple green burial sites in the United states. Green burials are developing in Canada (Victoria, BC, and Cobourg, Ontario), as well every bit in Australia and Ireland.^[18]

The increase in popularity of alternative burials can exist seen equally a directly option of the individual's want to distance themselves from religious practices and spiritual locations as well as an opportunity to practise their act of pick.^[xix] The want to live through nature as well equally concern for the environment take been the backbone of the green burial movement. The use of coffins made from culling materials such as wicker and biodegradable materials as well as trees and other flora are beingness used in identify of headstones. Both practices provide sustainable alternatives to traditional burial practices.^[19]

Natural burials have been alluring people for reasons exterior of environmental and sustainability factors too. With the expansion of urban centres, ecological corridors gradually disappear. Cemeteries for burial plots preclude alternative uses of the state for a long time. Past combining these two aspects (need for connectivity and state take imposed by cemeteries), two positive results can exist accomplished: protecting memories of the past and connecting ecosystems with multiple-employ corridors.^[20] Green burials appeal to people for economic reasons. Traditional burying practices can be a fiscal burden causing some to turn to green burials as a cheaper alternative. Some people view green burials as more meaningful, particularly for those who accept a connection to a piece of country, such as current residence or other places that hold meaning for them.^[19]

Types of natural burying [edit]

Conservation burial [edit]

Conservation burial is a type of burying where burial fees fund the acquisition and management of new land to benefit native habitat, ecosystems and species.^[17] This usually involves a legal document such as a conservation easement. Such burials get beyond other forms of natural burial, which aim to prevent environmental damage caused by conventional burial techniques, by actually increasing benefits for the environment.^[21] The idea is for the burial process to be a cyberspace positive for the world rather than simply neutral. Scientists accept argued that such burials could potentially generate enough funds to salve every endangered species on the planet.^[17] The Green Burial Quango certifies natural and conservation burial grounds in the United States and Canada.^[22]

Memorial reef [edit]

The memorial reef is a natural, alternative approach to burying. The cremated remains of a person are mixed in with concrete then placed into a mold to brand the memorial reef or eternal reef.^[23] After the concrete sets, family unit members are allowed to customize the reef with writing, hand prints and chalk drawings. After this, the eco-friendly reefs are placed into the ocean among other coral reefs where they aid to repair damage to the reefs while also providing new habitats for fish and other sea communities.^[23] Information technology has become a new way to memorialize the passing person while too protecting the marine environment. The high cost of the memorial reefs has caused this culling grade of burying to remain minimal and uncommon. This kind of natural burial is practiced in permitted oceans in the United States specifically in locations effectually Florida, South Carolina, North Carolina, Maryland, New Jersey, Texas and Virginia.^{[ citation needed ]}

Alkaline hydrolysis [edit]

Alkaline hydrolysis, also referred to equally resomation, is another approach to natural burial. It uses high temperature h2o mixed with potassium hydroxide to dissolve human remains.^[24] During this process, the body is put into an enclosed, stainless steel chamber. The sleeping room fills with the chemical and water solution and is then lightly circulated. After a couple of hours, the body is worn down and bone is the simply thing that remains. The bones are then pressed down into a powder and returned to the associated family. The outcome is comparable to cremation simply results in an environmentally friendly process that does not release chemical emissions and greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, as was confirmed after a review by the Wellness Council of the Netherlands. Afterward this process, the water used goes to a regular water treatment facility where it is filtered and cleaned and returned to the water cycle. At this time, resomation is permitted for commercial apply in areas throughout the United States. Notwithstanding, several other countries, including the United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland are because using this engineering within their medical schools and universities.^[24]

Mushroom burial [edit]

Mushroom burial has been adult by Jae Rhim Lee and her colleagues to address the impact traditional burial approaches take on the environment. It is an eco-friendly process which consists of dressing the cadaver in a bodysuit with mushroom spores woven into information technology, nicknamed the Infinity Burial Suit.^[25] Rhim developed her ain mushrooms by feeding them her hair, skin, and nails to create a mushroom variety that volition best decompose human remains. Equally the mushrooms grow, they consume the remains within the suit likewise every bit the toxins that are being released by the body. Rhim and her colleagues created this suit as a symbol of a new style for people to think about the relationship between their torso after death and the environment.^[25]

Tree pod burials [edit]

Another method of natural burial is existence developed to plant the human torso in fetal position inside an egg shaped pod.^[26] The pod containing the torso volition form a biodegradable capsule that will not harm the surrounding earth. The biodegradable capsule doubles equally a seed which can be customized to abound into either a birch, maple, or eucalyptus tree. The goal of this method is to create parks full of trees that loved ones can walk through and mourn, equally opposed to a graveyard full of tombstones. This method aims to return the body to the earth in the most environmentally friendly manner possible.^[26]

The tree pod method originated in the United kingdom just is at present becoming a more popular method of burial.^[27] The definition of natural burial grounds suggests that people are being buried without whatever kind of formaldehyde-based embalming fluid or constructed ingredients, and that the bodies that are being returned to the earth will besides exist returning nutrients to the surround, in a manner that is less expensive than other available burial methods. Not but are tree pods a more than toll constructive and environmentally friendly way to memorialize loved ones, this method as well offers emotional support. The memories of loved ones will be immortalized through the concept of a deceased person having a medium (trees) that will go along to alive and abound.^[27]

Prevention of decay [edit]

Embalming is the practice of preserving a body against disuse and is used in many cultures. Mummification is a more extensive method of embalming, further delaying the decay process.

Bodies are often buried wrapped in a shroud or placed in a coffin (or in some cases, a casket). A larger container may be used, such as a ship. In the Us, coffins are commonly covered by a grave liner or a burying vault, which prevents the coffin from collapsing under the weight of the earth or floating away during a flood.

These containers slow the decomposition process past (partially) physically blocking decomposing bacteria and other organisms from accessing the corpse. An additional benefit of using containers to hold the trunk is that if the soil roofing the corpse is done away by a flood or another natural process and so the corpse volition nevertheless non be exposed to open air.

Inclusion of wearable and personal effects [edit]

The body may be dressed in fancy and/or ceremonial clothes. Personal objects of the deceased, such as a favorite piece of jewelry or photograph, may be included with the torso. This practise, likewise known as the inclusion of grave goods, serves several purposes:

• In funeral services, the body is often put on display. Many cultures feel that the deceased should be presented looking his or her finest. Others dress the deceased in burial shrouds, which range from very simple to elaborate depending on the civilisation.
• The inclusion of ceremonial garb and sacred objects is sometimes viewed as necessary for reaching the afterlife.
• The inclusion of personal effects may be motivated by the beliefs that in the afterlife people will wish to accept with them what was important to them on earth. Alternatively, in some cultures, information technology is felt that, when a person dies, their possessions (and sometimes people connected to them such as wives) should go with them out of loyalty or ownership.
• Although not mostly a motivation for the inclusion of grave appurtenances with a corpse, information technology is worth considering that future archaeologists may find the remains (compare time capsule). Artifacts such as wearable and objects provide insight into how the private lived. This provides a form of immortality for the deceased. In general, however, vesture buried with a body decays more speedily than the same buried lone.^[28]

Traditions [edit]

Torso positioning [edit]

A Muslim cemetery in Sahara, all graves point across the desert placed at right angles to Mecca

Burials may be placed in a number of different positions. Bodies with the artillery crossed date back to ancient cultures such as Chaldea in the 10th century BC, where the "X" symbolized their heaven god. After ancient Egyptian gods and royalty, from approximately 3500 B.C. are shown with crossed arms, such as the god Osiris, the Lord of the Dead, or mummified royalty with crossed arms in loftier and depression torso positions, depending upon the dynasty. The burial of bodies in the extended position, i.e., lying flat with arms and legs straight, or with the arms folded upon the breast, and with the optics and rima oris closed. Extended burials may be supine (lying on the back) or prone (lying on the front end). However, in some cultures, beingness buried confront down shows marked disrespect similar in the case of the Sioux.^[29] Other ritual practices place the body in a flexed position with the legs bent or crouched with the legs folded upward to the chest. Warriors in some ancient societies were buried in an upright position. In Islam, the torso is placed in supine position, hands along the sides and the head is turned to its correct with the face towards the Qibla. Many cultures treat placement of dead people in an appropriate position to exist a sign of respect even when burial is impossible.

In nonstandard burial practices, such equally mass burying, the body may be positioned arbitrarily. This can exist a sign of disrespect to the deceased, or at least nonchalance on the part of the inhumer, or due to considerations of time and space.

Orientation [edit]

Historically, Christian burials were made supine eastward-west, with the caput at the western end of the grave. This mirrors the layout of Christian churches, and for much the same reason; to view the coming of Christ on Judgment twenty-four hour period (Eschaton). In many Christian traditions, ordained clergy are traditionally cached in the opposite orientation, and their coffins carried too, so that at the Full general Resurrection they may rise facing, and gear up to minister to, their people.

In an Islamic funeral, the grave should be aligned perpendicular to the Qibla (the direction to the Kaaba in Mecca) with the face turned to the right along the Qibla.

Inverted burial [edit]

For humans, maintaining an upside down position, with the head vertically below the feet, is highly uncomfortable for any extended menstruation of time, and consequently burial in that attitude (as opposed to attitudes of rest or watchfulness, as above) is highly unusual and generally symbolic. Occasionally suicides and assassins were buried upside down, every bit a postal service-mortem penalisation and (equally with burial at cantankerous-roads) to inhibit the activities of the resulting undead.

In Gulliver's Travels, the Lilliputians buried their expressionless upside down:

They bury their expressionless with their heads directly downward, because they hold an opinion, that in eleven thousand moons they are all to rise again; in which period the earth (which they conceive to exist apartment) will turn upside down, and by this means they shall, at their resurrection, be institute prepare standing on their anxiety. The learnèd among them confess the absurdity of this doctrine; just the practice withal continues, in compliance to the vulgar.

Swift's notion of inverted burial might seem the highest flight of fancy, just it appears that among English millenarians the thought that the world would be "turned upside down" at the Apocalypse enjoyed some currency. In that location is at least ane attested case of a person being buried upside downwards by instruction; a Major Peter Labilliere of Dorking (d. iv June 1800) lies thus upon the summit of Box Hill.^{[xxx] [31]} Like stories have fastened themselves to other noted eccentrics, particularly in southern England, simply not always with a foundation in truth.^[32]

Burial traditions throughout the world [edit]

Republic of korea [edit]

Republic of korea's funeral arrangements have drastically changed in the form of merely two decades according to Chang-Won Park.^[33] Park states that around the 1980s at home funeral ceremonies were the general norm, straying away from anywhere that was not a family abode. Dying close to home, with friends and family, was considered a 'good decease', while dying abroad from home was considered a 'bad death'. This gradually changed as the upper and eye class started holding funerals in the mortuaries of hospitals. This posed an upshot for hospitals because of the rapid increase in funerals being held and maxing occupancy. This resolved when a police force was passed to allow the civilian population to concur funerals in the mortuaries of hospitals. The lower class then followed adjust, copying the newly set traditions of the upper classes. With this change, the practice of cremation became viewed more as an alternative to traditional burials. Cremation was kickoff introduced by Buddhism, but was banned in 1470.^[33] It wasn't until the Japanese colonization period that cremation was re-introduced in 1945 and later on lifted the ban. It took until 1998 for cremation to chop-chop grow in popularity.^[33]

Tana Toraja [edit]

A Ted Talk done past Kelli Swazey^[34] discusses how Tana Toraja, a Sulawesi province in Eastern Indonesia, experiences death every bit a process, rather than an event. The civilisation of Tana Toraja views funerals every bit the about of import event in a person'southward life. Because of this importance placed on expiry, Tana Toraja landscape is covered in the rituals and events transpired after death. The hierarchy of an individual's life is based on the sacrifices of animals made later their death. Funerals tend to be celebrated past Tana Toraja people, typically lasting days to even weeks long. Death is seen every bit a transformation, rather than a private loss.^[34] A Torajan is not considered 'dead' until their family unit members are able to collect the resource necessary to hold a funeral that expresses the status of the deceased. Until these funerals are upheld the deceased are held in Tongkonan, built to business firm corpses that are not considered 'dead'.^[34] The deceased can be held in Tongkonan for years, waiting for their families to collect the necessary resources to hold a funeral. The Tongkonan represents both the identity of the family and the process of birth and death. The process of birth and death is shown by having the houses that individuals are born in exist the same construction as the Tongkonan, houses that individuals dice in. Upward until the funeral the deceased being housed in the Tongkonan are symbolically treated as members of the family unit, even so being cared for by family members.^[34]

Australian Aboriginals (Northern Territory) [edit]

Northern Territory Australian Aboriginals have unique traditions associated with a loved one'due south death. The death of a loved one sparks a series of events such equally smoking out the spirit, a feast, and leaving out the body to decompose.^[35] Immediately later on death, a smoking ceremony is held in the deceased'due south home. The smoking ceremonies purpose is to expel the spirit of the deceased from their living quarters. A feast is held where mourners are covered in ochre, an earthy pigment associated with clay, while they eat and dance. The traditional corpse disposal of the Aboriginals includes covering the corpse in leaves on a platform. The corpse is so left to decompose.^[35]

Burying among African-American slaves [edit]

In the African-American slave community, slaves chop-chop familiarized themselves with funeral procedures and the location of gravesites of family and friends. Specific slaves were assigned to prepare dead bodies, build coffins, dig graves, and construct headstones. Slave funerals were typically at night when the workday was over, with the main present to view all the ceremonial procedures. Slaves from nearby plantations were regularly in attendance.

At death, a slave's trunk was wrapped in textile. The easily were placed across the breast, and a metal plate was placed on superlative of their hands. The reasoning for the plate was to hinder their return dwelling by suppressing whatsoever spirits in the coffin. Oftentimes, personal property was cached with slaves to appease spirits. The coffins were nailed shut once the body was inside, and carried by hand or railroad vehicle, depending on the property designated for slave burial site.

Slaves were cached oriented Due east to West, with feet at the Eastern end (head at the Western end, thus raising facing East). According to Christian doctrine, this orientation permitted rising to confront the return of Christ without having to turn effectually upon the call of Gabriel's trumpet. Gabriel's trumpet would be blown almost the Eastern sunrise.

Burying in the Baháʼí Organized religion [edit]

In the Baháʼí Organized religion, burial police prescribes both the location of burial and burying practices and precludes cremation of the dead. It is forbidden to carry the body for more than one hr'southward journey from the place of death. Before interment the body should be wrapped in a shroud of silk or cotton fiber, and a band should be placed on its finger bearing the inscription "I came forth from God, and return unto Him, detached from all save Him, belongings fast to His Name, the Merciful, the Compassionate". The bury should be of crystal, stone or difficult fine woods. Also, earlier interment, a specific Prayer for the Dead^[36] is ordained. The torso should be placed with the feet facing the Qiblih. The formal prayer and the ring are meant to be used for those who have reached fifteen years of age.^[37]

Locations [edit]

Where to coffin [edit]

Apart from sanitary and other applied considerations, the site of burying can be determined by religious and socio-cultural considerations.

Thus in some traditions, especially with an animistic logic, the remains of the dead are "banished" for fright their spirits would harm the living if too close; others keep remains close to help surviving generations.

Religious rules may prescribe a specific zone, e.g. some Christian traditions concord that Christians must exist cached in consecrated ground, usually a cemetery;^[38] an earlier do, burial in or very nigh the church (hence the discussion churchyard), was by and large abandoned with private exceptions as a loftier posthumous accolade; besides many existing funeral monuments and crypts remain in use.

Royalty and high nobility often have ane or more "traditional" sites of burying, by and large monumental, often in a deluxe chapel or cathedral; meet examples on Heraldica.org.

In Northward America, private family cemeteries were common amidst wealthy landowners during the 18th and 19th centuries. Many prominent people were buried in individual cemeteries on their respective properties, sometimes in lead-lined coffins. Many of these family cemeteries were not documented and were therefore lost to time and abandon; their grave markers having long since been pilfered by vandals or covered by woods growth. Their locations are occasionally discovered during construction projects.

Marking the location of the burying [edit]

Most modern cultures mark the location of the body with a headstone. This serves two purposes. Start, the grave will not accidentally be exhumed. Second, headstones frequently contain information or tributes to deceased. This is a class of remembrance for loved ones; it tin can also be viewed every bit a form of immortality, specially in cases of famous people'south graves. Such awe-inspiring inscriptions may after be useful to genealogists and family unit historians.

In many cultures graves will be grouped, so the monuments brand up a necropolis, a "city of the dead" paralleling the community of the living.

Unmarked grave [edit]

In many cultures graves are marked with durable markers, or monuments, intended to assist remind people of the cached person. An unmarked grave is a grave with no such memorial marker.

Anonymous burying [edit]

Some other sort of unmarked grave is a burial site with an anonymous marking, such as a simple cross; boots, rifle and helmet; a sword and shield; a cairn of stones; or even a monument. This may occur when identification of the deceased is impossible. Although many unidentified deceased are buried in potter's fields, some are memorialized, especially in smaller communities or in the case of deaths publicized past local media. Anonymous burials likewise happen in poorer or disadvantaged populations' communities in countries such as S Africa, where in the by the Not-white population was simply too poor to afford headstones. At the cemetery in a small rural town of Harding, KwaZulu-Natal, many grave sites have no identification, and just take a border of stones which mark out the dimensions of the grave site itself.

Many countries accept buried an unidentified soldier (or other member of the armed services) in a prominent location as a form of respect for all unidentified war dead. The United Kingdom'south Tomb of the Unknown Warrior is in Westminster Abbey, France's is cached underneath the Arc de Triomphe, Italian republic's is buried in the Monumento al Milite Ignoto in Rome, Canada's is buried at the National War Memorial in Ottawa, Australia'southward Tomb of the Unknown Soldier is located at the Australian State of war Memorial in Canberra, New Zealand'due south Tomb of the Unknown Warrior is in Wellington, the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier in Russian federation is in Alexander Garden in Moscow and the United states' Tomb of the Unknown Soldier is located at Arlington National Cemetery.

Many cultures practice bearding burying equally a norm, not an exception. For instance, in 2002 a survey for the Federal Society of German Stonemasons constitute that, depending on the location inside Federal republic of germany, from 0% to 43% of burials were bearding.^[39] According to Christian Century magazine, the perspective of the Roman Catholic Church is that anonymous burials reflect a dwindling conventionalities in God.^[40] Others claim that this tendency is mainly driven by secularism and the loftier costs of traditional burials.^[41]

Clandestine burial [edit]

In rare cases, a known person may be cached without identification, perhaps to avoid desecration of the corpse, grave robbing, or vandalism of the burying site. This may be particularly the case with infamous or notorious figures. In other cases, it may be to prevent the grave from becoming a tourist attraction or a destination of pilgrimage. Survivors may cause the deceased to be buried in a underground location or other unpublished place, or in a grave with a faux name (or no name at all) on the marker.

When Walt Disney was cremated his ashes were buried in a secret location in Forest Lawn Memorial Park Cemetery, California. Some burial sites at Forest Lawn, such equally those of Humphrey Bogart, Mary Pickford and Michael Jackson, are secluded in private gated gardens or mausoleums with no public access. A number of tombs are likewise kept from the public middle. Forest Lawn's Court of Honor indicates that some of its crypts have plots which are reserved for individuals who may be "voted in" as "Immortals"; no amount of money can purchase a place. Photographs taken at Forest Backyard are not permitted to be published, and their data office commonly refuses to reveal exactly where the remains of famous people are cached.

Multiple bodies per grave [edit]

Some couples or groups of people (such equally a married couple or other family unit members) may wish to be buried in the same plot. In some cases, the coffins (or urns) may just be cached side by side. In others, 1 casket may be interred above another. If this is planned for in advance, the first casket may be buried more deeply than is the usual practise then that the second casket may exist placed over it without disturbing the first. In many states in Australia all graves are designated two or 3 depth (depending of the water table) for multiple burials, at the discretion of the burial rights holder, with each new interment atop the previous coffin separated by a sparse layer of earth. As such all graves are dug to greater depth for the initial burial than the traditional six anxiety to facilitate this practice.

Mass burying is the practise of burying multiple bodies in one location. Civilizations attempting genocide often use mass burying for victims. However, mass burial may in many cases be the only practical means of dealing with an overwhelming number of human remains, such as those resulting from a natural disaster, an act of terrorism, an epidemic, or an accident. This exercise has get less common in the developed world with the advent of genetic testing, merely fifty-fifty in the 21st century remains which are unidentifiable past current methods may be buried in a mass grave.

Individuals who are cached at the expense of the local regime and buried in potter's fields may be buried in mass graves. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was in one case believed to take been cached in such a style, but today it is known that such burials were never immune in Mozart'south Vienna whose Magistrate refused to concur to the burying regulations decreed by Joseph II. In some cases, the remains of unidentified individuals may be buried in mass graves in potter'south fields, making exhumation and future identification troublesome for constabulary enforcement.

Naval ships sunk in combat are also considered mass graves by many countries. For example, U.Due south. Navy policy declares such wrecks a mass grave (such equally the USS Arizona Memorial) and forbids the recovery of remains. In lieu of recovery, divers or submersibles may exit a plaque dedicated to the memory of the ship or boat and its crew, and family members are invited to attend the ceremony.

Sites of large sometime battlefields may also contain one or more mass graves. Douaumont ossuary is one such mass grave, and it contains the remains of 130,000 soldiers from both sides of the Battle of Verdun.

Catacombs also establish a form of mass grave. Some catacombs, for case those in Rome, were designated as a communal burying place. Some, such as the catacombs of Paris, only became a mass grave when individual burials were relocated from cemeteries marked for demolition.

Judaism does non mostly permit multiple bodies in a grave. An exception to this is a grave in the military cemetery in Jerusalem, where at that place is a kever achim (Hebrew, "grave of brothers") where two soldiers were killed together in a tank and are buried in i grave. Every bit the bodies were so fused together with the metal of the tank that they could not be separately identified, they were buried in one grave (along with parts of the tank).

Cremation [edit]

In that location are several mutual alternatives to burial. In cremation the body of the deceased is burned in a special oven. Nigh of the body is burnt during the cremation process, leaving only a few pounds of bone fragments. Bodies of small children and infants oft produce very little in the way of "ashes", as ashes are composed of bone, and immature people have softer bones, largely cartilage. Often these fragments are processed (ground) into a fine pulverization, which has led to cremated remains existence chosen ashes. In recent times, cremation has become a popular choice in the western world.

At that place is far greater flexibility in dealing with the remains in cremation as opposed to the traditional burial. Some of the options include handful the ashes at a place that was loved past the deceased or keeping the ashes at dwelling house. Ashes can also be buried clandestine or in a columbarium niche.

A method with like benefits is freeze-drying the corpse.

Alive burial [edit]

Sometimes people are buried live. Having no mode of escaping interment, they die in place, typically past asphyxiation, dehydration, starvation, or exposure to climate. People may come up to be buried live in a number of different ways;

• Intentional: buried alive equally a method of execution or murder, called immurement when the person is entombed inside walls. In ancient Rome, Vestal Virgins who broke their vows were punished in this mode.^[42]
• Adventitious: A person or grouping of people in a cave, mine, or other underground expanse may be sealed underground by an earthquake, cave in, avalanche or other natural disaster or accident.
• Inadvertent: People have been cached live considering they were mistakenly pronounced dead by a coroner or other official.

Edgar Allan Poe wrote a number of stories and poems about premature burial, including a story chosen "The Premature Burial". These works inspired a widespread popular fear of this appalling but unlikely event. Various expedients have been devised to preclude it, including burying telephones or sensors in graves.

Burial at cross-roads [edit]

Historically, burial at cross-roads was the method of disposing of executed criminals and suicides.^[43] In Bang-up Uk this tradition was altered past the Burial of Suicide Act 1823, which abolished the legal requirements of burying suicides and other people at crossroads. Cross-roads course a rough cross shape and this may have given rising to the belief that these spots were selected as the side by side best burial-places to consecrated ground. Another possible caption is that the ancient Teutonic (Germanic) ethnic groups oftentimes built their altars at the cross-roads, and since human sacrifices, especially of criminals, formed part of the ritual, these spots came to be regarded equally execution grounds. Hence subsequently the introduction of Christianity, criminals and suicides were cached at the cross-roads during the dark, to assimilate as far as possible their funeral to that of the pagans. An instance of a cantankerous-road execution-ground was the famous Tyburn in London, which stood on the spot where the Roman road to Edgware and beyond met the Roman road heading westward out of London.^[43]

Superstition also played a part in the selection of crossroads in the burial of suicides. Folk belief often held such individuals could rise equally some form of undead (such as a vampire) and burying them at crossroads would inhibit their ability to find and wreak havoc on their living relations and former associates.

Burial of animals [edit]

Past humans [edit]

In improver to burying human remains, many human cultures also regularly bury animal remains.

Pets and other animals of emotional significance are often ceremonially buried. Most families bury deceased pets on their own properties, mainly in a yard, with a shoe box or any other type of container served as a coffin. The ancient Egyptians are known to have mummified and buried cats, which they considered deities.

By other animals [edit]

Humans are not e'er the just species to bury their dead. Chimpanzees^{[ citation needed ]} and elephants are known to throw leaves and branches over fallen members of their family groups. In a particularly odd case, an elephant which trampled a homo mother and child buried its victims nether a pile of leaves before disappearing into the bushes.^[44] In 2013, a viral video caught a domestic dog burial a dead puppy by pushing sand with its own nose.^[45] It is presumed, however, that since dogs retain the instinct to bury nutrient, this is what is being depicted in the video.^[46] In social insects, ants and termites as well bury their dead nestmates depending on the properties of the corpse and the social context.^[47]

Exhumation [edit]

Exhumation, or disinterment, is the deed of earthworks up, especially a corpse. This is most ofttimes done to relocate a body to a unlike burial spot. Families may make this determination to locate the deceased in a more pertinent or convenient place. In shared family burial sites (e.g. a married couple), if the previously deceased person has been buried for an insufficient menses of fourth dimension the second body may be buried elsewhere until it is safe to relocate it to the requested grave. In most jurisdictions a legal exhumation unremarkably requires a court society or permission by the next of kin of the deceased. Too in many countries permits are required by some governing agency to legally behave a disinterment.^[48]

Exhumation of man remains occur for a number of reasons unrelated to the burial location, including identification of the deceased or as role of a criminal investigation. If an individual dies in suspicious circumstances, the police may request exhumation to determine the cause of decease. Exhumations may also occur as part of grave robbing, or as an act of desecration to bear witness disrespect. In rare, historical cases (eastward.thou. Pope Formosus or Oliver Cromwell), a trunk may be exhumed for posthumous execution, autopsy, or gibbeting. Notable individuals may be exhumed to answer historical questions. Many Aboriginal Egyptian mummies have been removed for study and public display. Exhumation enables archaeologists to search the remains to amend understand human being civilisation.

In folklore and mythology, exhumation has besides been frequently associated with the operation of rites to blackball undead manifestations. An example is the Mercy Brownish Vampire Incident of Rhode Island, which occurred in 1892.

Changing burying location [edit]

Remains may be exhumed for reinterrment at a more appropriate location for diverse reasons.

• The passing of time may hateful political situations modify and a burial can take place in unlike circumstances. Roger Casement was executed at Pentonville Prison in London on 3 August 1916 and buried in the prison house grounds but his body was exhumed and given a state funeral in Dublin on 1 March 1965.^[49]
• Deceased individuals who were either not identified or misidentified at the time of burial may be reburied if survivors so wish.^[50] For example, when the remains of MIA soldiers are discovered, or the case of Nicholas Ii of Russia and his family, who were exhumed from unmarked graves nigh Yekaterinburg to be reinterred in the Peter and Paul Fortress in Leningrad.
• Cemeteries sometimes have a limited number of plots in which to coffin the dead. Once all plots are total, older remains may be moved to an ossuary to accommodate more bodies, in accordance with burial contracts, religious and local burying laws. In Hong Kong where real estate is at a premium, burials in government-run cemeteries are disinterred after six years under exhumation order. Remains are either collected privately for cremation or reburied in an urn or niche. Unclaimed burials are exhumed and cremated by the government.^[51] Permanent burial in privately run cemeteries is allowed.
• Remains may be exhumed and reburied en masse when a cemetery is relocated, once local planning and religious requirements are met.^[52] It also enables construction agencies to articulate the way for new constructions. One case of this is cemeteries in Chicago side by side to O'Hare International Airport to expand the runways. The remains of the Venerable or the Blessed are sometimes exhumed to ensure their bodies lie in their correctly marked graves, as their gravesites usually get places for devotees to gather, and also to collect relics. The bodies may likewise be transferred to a more than dignified place. It also serves the purpose to see if they are supernaturally Incorrupt. An incorrupt corpse is no longer considered miraculous, but it is a characteristic of several known saints. Exhumation is no longer a requirement in the beatification process, but withal may be carried out.
• For ethical and cultural reasons, repatriation and reburial of human being remains may exist carried out when museums and academic institutions return remains to their place of origin.

Cultural aspects of exhumation [edit]

Frequently, cultures accept different sets of exhumation taboos. Occasionally these differences upshot in disharmonize, especially in cases where a civilisation with more lenient exhumation rules wishes to operate on the territory of a different culture. For instance, U.s.a. construction companies have run across conflict with Native American groups that have wanted to preserve their burial grounds from disturbance.

In Southern Chinese culture, graves are opened afterwards a period of years. The bones are removed, cleaned, dried, and placed in a ceramic pot for reburial (in Taiwan), or in a smaller coffin and to be reburied in some other location (in Vietnam). The practice is called jiǎngǔ in Taiwan, or boc mo in Vietnam '揀骨 "digging up bones" and is an important ritual in the posthumous "intendance" of children for their deceased parents and ancestors.

Jewish police force forbids the exhumation of a corpse.^[53]

In England and Wales once the superlative of a coffin has been lowered beneath ground level in a burial if it is raised once again, say for case the grave sides are protruding and need farther piece of work, this is considered an exhumation and the Dwelling house Office are required to exist notified and a full investigation undertaken. Therefore, grave diggers in England and Wales are particularly careful to ensure that grave sites are dug with plenty of room for the coffin to laissez passer.^[54]

Reinterment [edit]

Reinterment refers to the reburial of a corpse.^[55]

Secondary burying [edit]

Secondary burial is a burial, cremation, or inhumation that is dug into a pre-existing barrow or grave whatever time afterwards its initial construction. It is oftentimes associated with the belief that there is a liminal phase between the fourth dimension that a person dies and finally decays.^[56]

Alternatives to burying [edit]

Alternatives to burial variously show respect for the expressionless, advance decomposition and disposal, or prolong brandish of the remains.

• Burial at sea is the practice of depositing the body or scattering its ashes in an ocean or other large trunk of h2o instead of soil. The body may be disposed in a bury, or without one.
• Funerary cannibalism is the do of eating the remains. This may exist done for many reasons: for example to partake of their force, to spiritually "shut the circle" by reabsorbing their life into the family unit or clan, to annihilate an enemy, or due to pathological mental conditions. The Yanomami have the practise of cremating the remains and then eating the ashes with banana paste.
• Cremation is the incineration of the remains. This exercise is common amongst Hindus and is condign increasingly mutual in other cultures as well. If a family unit member wishes, the ashes can now be turned into a gem, similar to creating constructed diamonds.^[57]
• Whether cryonics constitutes a method of interment, rather than a class of medical handling, remains under debate. See too information-theoretic decease and clinical death.
• Excarnation is the do of removing the flesh from the corpse without interment. The Zoroastrians accept traditionally left their dead on Towers of Silence, where the mankind of the corpses is left to exist devoured past vultures and other carrion-eating birds. Alternatively, it can also mean butchering the corpse past hand to remove the flesh (also referred to as "defleshing").
• Gibbeting was the semi-aboriginal practice of publicly displaying remains of criminals.
• Hanging coffins are coffins placed on cliffs, constitute in various locations, including China and the Philippines.
• Ossuaries were used for interring homo skeletal remains past Second Temple Jews and early Christians.
• Promession is a method of freeze drying human remains before burial to increase the rate of decomposition.
• Resomation accelerates disposal through the process of alkaline hydrolysis.
• Heaven burial places the body on a mountaintop, where it decomposes in the elements or is scavenged by carrion eaters, peculiarly vultures.

Adapting traditions [edit]

Burial [edit]

As the homo population progresses, cultures and traditions alter with it. Development is generally slow, sometimes more than rapid. Republic of korea's funeral arrangements accept drastically changed in the grade of only two decades according to Chang-Won Park^[33]. Around the 1980s at home funeral ceremonies were the general norm, straying away from anywhere that was not a family unit dwelling. Dying close to home, with friends and family, was considered a 'proficient death', while dying away from abode was considered a 'bad expiry'. This gradually changed as the upper and middle class started holding funerals in the mortuaries of hospitals. This posed an issue for hospitals because of the rapid increase in funerals beingness held and maxing occupancy. This chop-chop resolved when a law was passed to allow the noncombatant population holding funerals in the mortuaries of hospitals. The lower class speedily followed suit, copying the newly set traditions of the upper classes. With this alter, cremation also practice more as an culling to traditional burials. Cremation was offset introduced by Buddhism, and was quickly banned in 1470. It wasn't until the Japanese colonization menstruation that cremation was re-introduced in 1945 and after lifted the ban. It took until 1998 for cremation to chop-chop grow in popularity.

Funeral ceremonies [edit]

Co-ordinate to Margaret Holloway,^[58] funerals are believed to exist driven past the consumer's choice, personalisation, secularization, and stories that place individual traditional meta-narratives. Information technology has been studied that funeral homes in the U.k. are nearly concerned with comforting the grieving, rather than focusing on the departed. This study found that mod day funerals focus on the psycho-social-spiritual event. Modernistic day funerals too help the transition of the recently passed transitioning to the social status of 'the deceased'.^{[ clarification needed ]} The article constitute that funeral homes practice not attach to traditional religious beliefs, but do follow religious traditions.

Meet likewise [edit]

• Bed burial
• Burying Human activity 1857 (A United Kingdom law well-nigh exhumation)
• Burial mound
• Cremation
• Corpse route
• Funeral
• Green burial
• Wellness risks from expressionless bodies
• Museum of Funeral Customs
• State funeral
• Superburial
• Thanatology

Notes and references [edit]

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6. ^ Bleiberg, Edward (2008). To Live Forever: Egyptian Treasure from the Brooklyn Museum. Brooklyn, NY: Brooklyn Museum. pp. 71–72.
7. ^ ^{a b} Klevnäs, Alison; Aspöck, Edeltraud; Noterman, Astrid A.; van Haperen, Martine C.; Zintl, Stephanie (August 2021). "Reopening graves in the early on Centre Ages: from local exercise to European phenomenon". Antiquity: A Review of World Archaeology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 95 (382): 1005–1026. doi:ten.15184/aqy.2020.217. eISSN 1745-1744. ISSN 0003-598X.
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23. ^ ^{a b} Frankel, George. "What is an Eternal Reef?". Eternal Reefs . Retrieved three April 2017.
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29. ^ Thornton Parker, William. "Concerning Indian Burial Customs".
30. ^ Lander, J (2000). Peter Labilliere: The Man Cached Upside Downward on Box Hill. Chertsey: Post Printing. ISBN978-0-9532424-one-2.
31. ^ Simpson, Jacqueline (August 2005). "The Miller's tomb: facts, gossip, and legend [one]". Sociology. 116 (2): 189–200. doi:x.1080/00155870500140230. JSTOR 30035277. S2CID 162322450.
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34. ^ ^{a b c d} Swazey, Kelli, Life that doesn't cease with death , retrieved 28 April 2017
35. ^ ^{a b} McGrath, Pam; Phillips, Emma (one October 2008). "Insights on end-of-life ceremonial practices of Australian Aboriginal peoples". Collegian. 15 (4): 125–133. doi:10.1016/j.colegn.2008.03.002. ISSN 1322-7696. PMID 19112922.
36. ^ "Baháʼí Reference Library – The Kitáb-i-Aqdas, pp. 101–2". Reference.bahai.org. 31 Dec 2010. Retrieved 25 March 2011.
37. ^ "Baháʼí Burial". Bahai-library.com. Retrieved 25 March 2011.
38. ^ Crow, Madison; Zori, Colleen; Zori, Davide (17 December 2020). "Doctrinal and Physical Marginality in Christian Death: The Burial of Unbaptized Infants in Medieval Italy". Religions. 11 (12): two. doi:10.3390/rel11120678.
39. ^ "Stonereport News for your natural rock business concern". Stonereport.com. Archived from the original on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 25 March 2011.
40. ^ ""Europeans Seek the Grave'due south Anonymity" – The Christian Century, Vol. 113, Issue 17, May 15, 1996". Archived from the original on 10 June 2016.
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42. ^ Smith, William (1 January 1846). A School Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities: Abridged from the Larger Dictionary. Harper. p. 353.
43. ^ ^{a b} One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain:Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Cantankerous-roads, Burial at". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 7 (11th ed.). Cambridge Academy Press. p. 510.
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58. ^ Holloway, Margaret; Adamson, Susan; Argyrou, Vassos; Draper, Peter; Mariau, Daniel (2013). ""Funerals aren't prissy simply information technology couldn't have been nicer". The makings of a skillful funeral" (PDF). Mortality. 18 (1): 30–53. doi:10.1080/13576275.2012.755505. S2CID 55138577.

External links [edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Burials.

Await up burial in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

• Video depicting the exhumation of missing German soldiers killed in 1944 from a mass grave

roachdonentolon.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burial